Fressfeinde von Ameisen: Unterschied zwischen den Versionen

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{{Überarbeiten|[[Ameisenfeinde]] hier einarbeiten, ergänzen --[[Benutzer:DmdM|DmdM]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:DmdM|Diskussion]]) 13:08, 8. Aug. 2013 (CEST)}}
{{Überarbeiten|ergänzen --[[Benutzer:DmdM|DmdM]] ([[Benutzer Diskussion:DmdM|Diskussion]]) 20:32, 30. Aug. 2013 (CEST)}}


==Insekten==
==Insekten==
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=== Fliegenlarven ===
=== Fliegenlarven ===
z.B. Phoridae
z.B. [[Phoridae]]
 
z.B. Miricauda-Gruppe <sup>(<u>Phorid-Net<ref>http://phorid.net/apocephalus1/miricauda-group/</ref></u>)</sup>; Wirt: z.B. <i>Paraponera clavata</i><ref>Brown, B.V. (2000) Revision of the <i>Apocephalus miricauda</i>-group of ant-parasitizing flies (Diptera: Phoridae). Contributions in Science (Natural History Museum Los Angeles Co.), 482: 1-62 [http://www.nhm.org/site/sites/default/files/pdf/contrib_science/CS482.pdf]</ref>
 
z.B. Pergandei-Gruppe <sup>(<u>Phorid-Net<ref>[http://phorid.net/apocephalus1/pergandei-group-2]</ref></u>)</sup><ref>Brown, B.V. (2002) Revision of the <i>Apocephalus pergandei</i>-group of ant-decapitating flies (Diptera: Phoridae).Contributions in Science, 496: 1-58 [http://www.bio-nica.info/biblioteca/Brown2002PhoridaeApocephalus.pdf]</ref>; Wirt: <i>Camponotus</i> sp., z.B. <i>C. pennsylvanicus</i><ref>Pergande, T. (1901) The Ant-decapitating Fly. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 4: 497-502 [http://biostor.org/cache/pdf/bc/a8/ca/bca8ca04eb3e8073c9fc5fcc1e946d46.pdf]</ref>
 
z.B. [[Wurmlöwe]]n (Vermileonidae)


Videos (en): http://news.discovery.com/animals/videos/animals-invasive-fire-ants-lose-heads-to-flies.htm
Videos (en): http://news.discovery.com/animals/videos/animals-invasive-fire-ants-lose-heads-to-flies.htm
http://www.antark.net/bio-control.html
http://www.antark.net/bio-control.html
===Käfer===
*[[Clytra]]
===Libellen<ref>Whitcomb, W. H., Bhatkar, A., Nickerson, J. C. (1973) Predators of <i>Solenopsis invicta</i> Queens Prior to Successful Colony Establishment. Environmental Entomology, 2(6): 1101-1103. [http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/esa/envent/1973/00000002/00000006/art00027]</ref>===


=== Raubwanzen ===
=== Raubwanzen ===
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=== Wespen ===
=== Wespen ===
*''Clypeadon laticinctus''<ref>Alexander, B.(1985) Predator-prey interactions between the digger wasp <i>Clypeadon laticinctus</i> and the harvester ant <i>Pogonomyrmex occidentalis</i>.Journal of Natural History, 19(6): 1139-1154 </ref>
 
*''Aphilanthops''<ref>Evans, H. E. (1962) A Review of Nesting Behavior of Digger Wasps of the Genus <i>Aphilanthops</i>, with Special Attention to the Mechanics of Prey Carriage. Behaviour, 19: 239-260. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/4533015?seq=2]</ref>: Fressfeind alater <i>Formica</i> (Serviformica) Gynen
*''Clypeadon laticinctus''<ref>Alexander, B.(1985) Predator-prey interactions between the digger wasp <i>Clypeadon laticinctus</i> and the harvester ant <i>Pogonomyrmex occidentalis</i>.Journal of Natural History, 19(6): 1139-1154 </ref>: Fressfeind von <i>Pogonomyrmex</i>
*''Crossocerus vagabundus''<ref>A. V. Antropov and N. A. Khrustalyova (2010) Worker ants of <i>Myrmica rubra</i> (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) as an unusual prey of the digger wasp <i>Crossocerus vagabundus</i> (Hymenoptera, Crabronidae). Entomological Review, 90(5): 548-555.</ref>
*''Crossocerus vagabundus''<ref>A. V. Antropov and N. A. Khrustalyova (2010) Worker ants of <i>Myrmica rubra</i> (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) as an unusual prey of the digger wasp <i>Crossocerus vagabundus</i> (Hymenoptera, Crabronidae). Entomological Review, 90(5): 548-555.</ref>


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Video Sequenzen zum Fressverhalten von Ameisen-fressenden Echsen (<i>Pogona vitticeps</i>, <i>Uma notata</i>, <i>Phrynosoma platyrhinos</i>, <i>Moloch horridus</i>): http://jeb.biologists.org/content/208/1/113/suppl/DC1
Video Sequenzen zum Fressverhalten von Ameisen-fressenden Echsen (<i>Pogona vitticeps</i>, <i>Uma notata</i>, <i>Phrynosoma platyrhinos</i>, <i>Moloch horridus</i>): http://jeb.biologists.org/content/208/1/113/suppl/DC1


* Schlangen: z.B. Schlankblindschlange <i>Leptotyphlops dulcis</i><ref>Watkins, J. F. II, Gehlbach, F. R. and Baldridge, R. S. (1967) Ability of the blind snake, Leptotyphlops dulcis, to follow pheromone trails of army ants, Neivamyrmex nigrescens and N. opacithorax. Southwestern Nat., 12:455-462. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3669611]</ref><ref>Watkins, J. F. II, Gehlbach, F. R. and Kroll, J. C. (1969) Attractant-repellent secretions of blind snakes (<i>Leptotyphlops dulcis</i>) and their army ant prey (<i>Neivamyrmex nigrescens</i>). Ecology, 50:1098-1102. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1936906]</ref>, Blindschlangen (<i>Ramphotyphlops</i>)<ref>Webb, J.K. and Shine, R. (1993) Dietary habits of Australian blindsnakes (Typhlopidae). Copeia, 1993: 762-770. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1447239]</ref>
* Schlangen: z.B. Schlankblindschlange <i>Leptotyphlops dulcis</i><ref>Watkins, J. F. II, Gehlbach, F. R. and Baldridge, R. S. (1967) Ability of the blind snake, Leptotyphlops dulcis, to follow pheromone trails of army ants, Neivamyrmex nigrescens and N. opacithorax. Southwestern Nat., 12:455-462. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/3669611]</ref><ref>Watkins, J. F. II, Gehlbach, F. R. and Kroll, J. C. (1969) Attractant-repellent secretions of blind snakes (<i>Leptotyphlops dulcis</i>) and their army ant prey (<i>Neivamyrmex nigrescens</i>). Ecology, 50:1098-1102. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1936906]</ref>, Blindschlangen (<i>Ramphotyphlops</i><ref>Webb, J.K. and Shine, R. (1993) Dietary habits of Australian blindsnakes (Typhlopidae). Copeia, 1993: 762-770. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/1447239]</ref> und <i>Typhlops</i><ref> Torres , J.A., Thomas,R., Lea, M. and Gush,T. (2000) Ant and termite predation by the tropical blindsnake <i>Typhlops platycephalus</i> Insectes Soc. 47: 01–06 [http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs000400050001.pdf]</ref>)
 
Video Sequenzen zum Fressverhalten von <i>Leptotyphlops dulcis</i> und <i>Typhlops lineolatus</i>: http://www.anat.stonybrook.edu/kleylab/videos.html
Video Sequenzen zum Fressverhalten von <i>Leptotyphlops dulcis</i> und <i>Typhlops lineolatus</i>: http://www.anat.stonybrook.edu/kleylab/videos.html


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== Säugetiere ==
== Säugetiere ==
Insbesondere in tropischen Ländern sind  
Insbesondere in tropischen Ländern sind  
*Ameisenigel ([[Australien]]),  
*[[Ameisenigel]] ([[Australien]]),  
*Ameisenbären ([[Neotropis]]) und  
*[[Ameisenbären]] ([[Neotropis]]) und  
*andere kleinere Säugetiere  
*andere kleinere Säugetiere  
als Ameisenfresser bekannt.
als Ameisenfresser bekannt.
*Affen, z.B. Kapuzineraffen<ref>Freese, C.H. (1976) Predation on swollen-thorn Acacia ants by white-faced monkeys, Cebus capucinus. Biotropica, 8: 278-281. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2989722]</ref>, Schimpansen<ref>McGrew, W.C. ( 1974) Tool use by wild chimpanzees in feeding on driver ants. Journal of Human Evolution, 3: 501-508 </ref><ref>Sugiyama, Y. (1995) Tool-use for catching ants by chimpanzees at Bossou and Monts Nimba, West Africa. Primates, 36: 193-205 </ref><ref> Nishie, H. (2008) Natural history of Camponotus ant-fishing by the M group chimpanzees at the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania. Primates, 52: 329-342. [http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs10329-011-0270-6.pdf]</ref><ref>Sanz, C.M. ; Schöning, C. ; Morgan, D.B. (2010) Chimpanzees prey on army ants with specialized tool set. American Journal of Primatology, 72: 17-24 [http://www1.bio.ku.dk/forskning/oe/cse/media/sanzetal2010.pdf/]</ref>
*Affen, z.B. Kapuzineraffen<ref>Freese, C.H. (1976) Predation on swollen-thorn Acacia ants by white-faced monkeys, Cebus capucinus. Biotropica, 8: 278-281. [http://www.jstor.org/stable/2989722]</ref>, Schimpansen<ref>McGrew, W.C. ( 1974) Tool use by wild chimpanzees in feeding on driver ants. Journal of Human Evolution, 3: 501-508 </ref><ref>Sugiyama, Y. (1995) Tool-use for catching ants by chimpanzees at Bossou and Monts Nimba, West Africa. Primates, 36: 193-205 </ref><ref> Nishie, H. (2008) Natural history of Camponotus ant-fishing by the M group chimpanzees at the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania. Primates, 52: 329-342. [http://link.springer.com/content/pdf/10.1007%2Fs10329-011-0270-6.pdf]</ref><ref>Sanz, C.M. ; Schöning, C. ; Morgan, D.B. (2010) Chimpanzees prey on army ants with specialized tool set. American Journal of Primatology, 72: 17-24 [http://www1.bio.ku.dk/forskning/oe/cse/media/sanzetal2010.pdf/]</ref>, Mensch (<i>Homo sapiens</i>)<ref>Defoliart, G. R. (1995 ) Edible insects as minilivestock. Biodiversity and Conservation, 4: 306-321 [http://labs.russell.wisc.edu/insectsasfood/files/2012/09/18_Minilivestock.pdf]</ref><ref>Sribandit, W., Wiwatwitaya, D., Suksard, S. and Offenberg, J. (2008) The importance of weaver ant (<i>Oecophylla smaragdina</i> Fabricius) harvest to a local community in Northeastern Thailand. Asian Myrmecology, 2: 129-138 [http://www.asian-myrmecology.org/publications/sribandit-et-al-am-2008.pdf]</ref><ref> Rastogi, N. (2011) Provisioning services from ants: food and pharmaceuticals. Asian Myrmecology, 4: 103–120. [http://www.asian-myrmecology.org/publications/am04_103-120_ragosti_2011.pdf]</ref>
*Bären, s. {{Hauptartikel|Fressfeinde von Ameisen: Bären}}
*Bären, s. {{Hauptartikel|Fressfeinde von Ameisen: Bären}}
, z.B. ''<i>Ursus americanus</i>, <i>Ursus arctos horribilis</i>, <i>Ursus arctos yesoensis</i>''<ref>Onoyama, K. (1988) Ants as prey of the Yezo brown bear <i>Ursus arctos yesoensis</i>, with considerations on its feeding habit. Research Bulletin of Obihiro University, 15: 313-318 [http://ir.obihiro.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10322/1543/1/8.onoyamaVol15_No4.pdf]</ref>
, z.B. ''<i>Ursus americanus</i>, <i>Ursus arctos horribilis</i>, <i>Ursus arctos yesoensis</i>''<ref>Onoyama, K. (1988) Ants as prey of the Yezo brown bear <i>Ursus arctos yesoensis</i>, with considerations on its feeding habit. Research Bulletin of Obihiro University, 15: 313-318 [http://ir.obihiro.ac.jp/dspace/bitstream/10322/1543/1/8.onoyamaVol15_No4.pdf]</ref>
*Fledermäuse, z. B. ''Rhinopoma microphyllum''<ref>Eran Levin, Yoram Yom-Tov, Anat Barnea: Frequent summer nuptial flights of ants provide a primary food source for bats; Naturwissenschaften, Volume 96, Issue 4, pp 477-483, doi: 10.1007/s00114-008-0496-3 [http://www.openu.ac.il/Personal_sites/download/Anat-Barnea/Frequent-summer-nuptial-flights-of-ants.pdf PDF]</ref>
*Fledermäuse, z. B. ''Rhinopoma microphyllum''<ref>Eran Levin, Yoram Yom-Tov, Anat Barnea: Frequent summer nuptial flights of ants provide a primary food source for bats; Naturwissenschaften, Volume 96, Issue 4, pp 477-483, doi: 10.1007/s00114-008-0496-3 [http://www.openu.ac.il/Personal_sites/download/Anat-Barnea/Frequent-summer-nuptial-flights-of-ants.pdf PDF]</ref>: Fressfeind von z.B. alaten <i>Camponotus fellah</i> Gynen
In den [[Mittelbreiten]] graben  
In den [[Mittelbreiten]] graben  
*Wildschweine im Sommer wie im Winter in Nestern Hügel bauender [[Waldameisen]]. Sie verzehren vor allem Rosenkäferlarven und andere Mitbewohner der Hügel, nehmen aber auch Ameisen und ihre Brut als Nahrung auf.
*Wildschweine im Sommer wie im Winter in Nestern Hügel bauender [[Waldameisen]]. Sie verzehren vor allem Rosenkäferlarven und andere Mitbewohner der Hügel, nehmen aber auch Ameisen und ihre Brut als Nahrung auf.
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==Einzelnachweise==
==Einzelnachweise==
<references/>
<references/>
[[Kategorie:Fressfeinde|!]]

Aktuelle Version vom 17. Februar 2017, 23:16 Uhr

Dieser Artikel wurde zur Überarbeitung vorgeschlagen. Hilf mit, ihn zu verbessern!

Begründung: ergänzen --DmdM (Diskussion) 20:32, 30. Aug. 2013 (CEST)


Insekten

Ameisen

Ameisenlöwen

→ Hauptartikel: Fressfeinde von Ameisen: Ameisenlöwen

Fliegenlarven

z.B. Phoridae

z.B. Miricauda-Gruppe (Phorid-Net[1]); Wirt: z.B. Paraponera clavata[2]

z.B. Pergandei-Gruppe (Phorid-Net[3])[4]; Wirt: Camponotus sp., z.B. C. pennsylvanicus[5]

z.B. Wurmlöwen (Vermileonidae)

Videos (en): http://news.discovery.com/animals/videos/animals-invasive-fire-ants-lose-heads-to-flies.htm http://www.antark.net/bio-control.html

Käfer

Libellen[6]

Raubwanzen

z.B. Holoptilinae: z.B. Ptilocerus ochraceus, Ptilocnemus femoralis, Ptilocnemus lemur[7]

Wespen

  • Aphilanthops[8]: Fressfeind alater Formica (Serviformica) Gynen
  • Clypeadon laticinctus[9]: Fressfeind von Pogonomyrmex
  • Crossocerus vagabundus[10]

Spinnen

  • Aelurillus aeruginosus, A. cognatus, A. kochi[11]
  • Latrodectus mactans[12]
  • Stoidis aurata[13]
  • Zodarion germanicum & Zodarion rubidum[14]

Amphibien

z.B. Anura

auf Ameisen spezialisierte ("ant-specialists")[15]

z.B. Bufonidae: z.B. Dendrophryniscus minutus, Bufo typhonius

z.B. Dendrobatidae: z.B. Dendrobates quinquevittatus, D. pictus, D. petersi, D. trivittatus

Generalisten / Opportunisten

z.B. Rana[16]

Reptilien

  • Echsen[17]: z.B. Krötenechsen (Phrynosoma)[18]

Video Sequenzen zum Fressverhalten von Ameisen-fressenden Echsen (Pogona vitticeps, Uma notata, Phrynosoma platyrhinos, Moloch horridus): http://jeb.biologists.org/content/208/1/113/suppl/DC1

  • Schlangen: z.B. Schlankblindschlange Leptotyphlops dulcis[19][20], Blindschlangen (Ramphotyphlops[21] und Typhlops[22])

Video Sequenzen zum Fressverhalten von Leptotyphlops dulcis und Typhlops lineolatus: http://www.anat.stonybrook.edu/kleylab/videos.html

Vögel

Die wohl wichtigsten Fressfeinde von Ameisen in außertropischen Bereichen dürften Vögel sein, allen voran

  • Spechte, die den Ameisen sowohl an der Oberfläche nachstellen, z. B. auch an Baumstämmen, als auch im Boden ("Erdspechte"). Selbst während der Überwinterung graben Schwarzspechte in Waldameisenhügeln bis zu 1 m tief nach Ameisen, Grün- und Grauspecht in Erdhügeln im Offenland.
  • Hühnervögel wie Fasane, Rebhühner, Auerwild und andere fressen in großen Mengen Ameisen und deren Brut, besonders während der Brutaufzucht.
  • Flugjäger wie Schwalben und Mauersegler erbeuten während der Schwarmzeiten in großen Mengen fliegende Geschlechtstiere von Ameisen.

Säugetiere

Insbesondere in tropischen Ländern sind

als Ameisenfresser bekannt.

, z.B. Ursus americanus, Ursus arctos horribilis, Ursus arctos yesoensis[31]

  • Fledermäuse, z. B. Rhinopoma microphyllum[32]: Fressfeind von z.B. alaten Camponotus fellah Gynen

In den Mittelbreiten graben

  • Wildschweine im Sommer wie im Winter in Nestern Hügel bauender Waldameisen. Sie verzehren vor allem Rosenkäferlarven und andere Mitbewohner der Hügel, nehmen aber auch Ameisen und ihre Brut als Nahrung auf.

Siehe auch

Einzelnachweise

  1. ^ http://phorid.net/apocephalus1/miricauda-group/
  2. ^ Brown, B.V. (2000) Revision of the Apocephalus miricauda-group of ant-parasitizing flies (Diptera: Phoridae). Contributions in Science (Natural History Museum Los Angeles Co.), 482: 1-62 [1]
  3. ^ [2]
  4. ^ Brown, B.V. (2002) Revision of the Apocephalus pergandei-group of ant-decapitating flies (Diptera: Phoridae).Contributions in Science, 496: 1-58 [3]
  5. ^ Pergande, T. (1901) The Ant-decapitating Fly. Proc. Ent. Soc. Wash., 4: 497-502 [4]
  6. ^ Whitcomb, W. H., Bhatkar, A., Nickerson, J. C. (1973) Predators of Solenopsis invicta Queens Prior to Successful Colony Establishment. Environmental Entomology, 2(6): 1101-1103. [5]
  7. ^ Weirauch, C. und Cassis, G. (2006) Attracting ants: the trichome and novel glandular areas on the sternum of Ptilocnemus lemur. Journal of the New York Entomological Society, 114: 28-37 [6]
  8. ^ Evans, H. E. (1962) A Review of Nesting Behavior of Digger Wasps of the Genus Aphilanthops, with Special Attention to the Mechanics of Prey Carriage. Behaviour, 19: 239-260. [7]
  9. ^ Alexander, B.(1985) Predator-prey interactions between the digger wasp Clypeadon laticinctus and the harvester ant Pogonomyrmex occidentalis.Journal of Natural History, 19(6): 1139-1154
  10. ^ A. V. Antropov and N. A. Khrustalyova (2010) Worker ants of Myrmica rubra (Hymenoptera, Formicidae) as an unusual prey of the digger wasp Crossocerus vagabundus (Hymenoptera, Crabronidae). Entomological Review, 90(5): 548-555.
  11. ^ Li D., Jackson, R. and Harland, D. P. (1999) Prey-capture techniques and prey preferences of Aelurillus aeruginosus, A. cognatus and A. kochi, ant-eating jumping spiders (Araneae: Salticidae) from Israel. Israel Journal of Zoology 45: 341–359. [8]
  12. ^ Nyffeler, M., Dean, D. A. and Sterling, W. L. (1988), The southern black widow spider, Latrodectus mactans (Araneae, Theridiidae), as a predator of the red imported fire ant, Solenopsis invicta (Hymenoptera, Formicidae), in Texas cotton fields. Journal of Applied Entomology, 106: 52–57. doi: 10.1111/j.1439-0418.1988.tb00563.x http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1439-0418.1988.tb00563.x/abstract
  13. ^ G. B. Edwards, J. F. Carroll and W. H. Whitcomb: Stoidis aurata (Araneae: Salticidae), a Spider Predator of Ants; The Florida Entomologist, Vol. 57, No. 4 (Dec., 1974), pp. 337-346 http://www.jstor.org/stable/3493491
  14. ^ Pekár S (2004) Predatory behavior of two European ant-eating spiders (Araneae, Zodariidae). Journal of Arachnology 32(1): 31–41. doi: 10.1636/S02-15 http://www.bioone.org/doi/pdf/10.1636/S02-15
  15. ^ Toft, C. A. (1980) Feeding Ecology of Thirteen Syntopic Species of Anurans in a Seasonal Tropical Environment. Oecologia, 45: 131-141. [9]
  16. ^ Hirai, T. and Matsui, M. (2000) Myrmecophagy in a Ranid Frog Rana rugosa: Specialization or Weak Avoidance to Ant Eating? Zoologogical Science, 17: 459–466 [10]
  17. ^ Meyers, J.J. and Herrel, A. (2005) Prey capture kinematics of ant-eating lizards. Journal of Experimental Biology (Cambridge) 208: 113-127. [11]
  18. ^ Sherbrooke WC, Schwenk K. (2008) Horned lizards (Phrynosoma) incapacitate dangerous ant prey with mucus. J Exp Zool A Ecol Genet Physiol. 309(8):447-59. doi: 10.1002/jez.472. [12]
  19. ^ Watkins, J. F. II, Gehlbach, F. R. and Baldridge, R. S. (1967) Ability of the blind snake, Leptotyphlops dulcis, to follow pheromone trails of army ants, Neivamyrmex nigrescens and N. opacithorax. Southwestern Nat., 12:455-462. [13]
  20. ^ Watkins, J. F. II, Gehlbach, F. R. and Kroll, J. C. (1969) Attractant-repellent secretions of blind snakes (Leptotyphlops dulcis) and their army ant prey (Neivamyrmex nigrescens). Ecology, 50:1098-1102. [14]
  21. ^ Webb, J.K. and Shine, R. (1993) Dietary habits of Australian blindsnakes (Typhlopidae). Copeia, 1993: 762-770. [15]
  22. ^ Torres , J.A., Thomas,R., Lea, M. and Gush,T. (2000) Ant and termite predation by the tropical blindsnake Typhlops platycephalus Insectes Soc. 47: 01–06 [16]
  23. ^ Freese, C.H. (1976) Predation on swollen-thorn Acacia ants by white-faced monkeys, Cebus capucinus. Biotropica, 8: 278-281. [17]
  24. ^ McGrew, W.C. ( 1974) Tool use by wild chimpanzees in feeding on driver ants. Journal of Human Evolution, 3: 501-508
  25. ^ Sugiyama, Y. (1995) Tool-use for catching ants by chimpanzees at Bossou and Monts Nimba, West Africa. Primates, 36: 193-205
  26. ^ Nishie, H. (2008) Natural history of Camponotus ant-fishing by the M group chimpanzees at the Mahale Mountains National Park, Tanzania. Primates, 52: 329-342. [18]
  27. ^ Sanz, C.M. ; Schöning, C. ; Morgan, D.B. (2010) Chimpanzees prey on army ants with specialized tool set. American Journal of Primatology, 72: 17-24 [19]
  28. ^ Defoliart, G. R. (1995 ) Edible insects as minilivestock. Biodiversity and Conservation, 4: 306-321 [20]
  29. ^ Sribandit, W., Wiwatwitaya, D., Suksard, S. and Offenberg, J. (2008) The importance of weaver ant (Oecophylla smaragdina Fabricius) harvest to a local community in Northeastern Thailand. Asian Myrmecology, 2: 129-138 [21]
  30. ^ Rastogi, N. (2011) Provisioning services from ants: food and pharmaceuticals. Asian Myrmecology, 4: 103–120. [22]
  31. ^ Onoyama, K. (1988) Ants as prey of the Yezo brown bear Ursus arctos yesoensis, with considerations on its feeding habit. Research Bulletin of Obihiro University, 15: 313-318 [23]
  32. ^ Eran Levin, Yoram Yom-Tov, Anat Barnea: Frequent summer nuptial flights of ants provide a primary food source for bats; Naturwissenschaften, Volume 96, Issue 4, pp 477-483, doi: 10.1007/s00114-008-0496-3 PDF
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